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古老紫禁城——北京(Beijing)
北京簡稱京,是中國的首都,全國的政治、文化中心和國際交往的樞紐,也是一座著名的歷史文化名城,與西安、洛陽、開封、南京、杭州並列爲中國六大古都。早在七十萬年前,北京周口店地區就出現了原始人群部落“北京人”。而北京建城也已有兩千多年的歷史,最初見於記載的名字爲“薊”。公元前1045年北京成爲薊、燕等諸侯國的都城;公元前221年秦始皇統一中國以來,北京一直是中國北方重鎮和地方中心;自公元938年以來,北京又先後成爲遼陪都、金上都、元大都、明清國都。1949年10月1日正式定爲中華人民共和國首都。
北京位於華北平原西北邊緣,市中心位於北緯39度,東經116度,四周被河北省圍着,東南和天津市相接。全市面積一萬六千多平方公里,轄12區(東城區、西城區、崇文區、宣武區、朝陽區、海淀區、豐臺區、石景山區、門頭溝區、房山區、通州區、 順義區)6縣(大興縣、平谷縣、昌平縣、懷柔縣、密雲縣 、延慶縣),人口1100餘萬。北京爲暖温帶半濕潤大陸性季風氣候,夏季炎熱多雨,冬季寒冷乾燥,春、秋短促,年平均氣温10~12攝氏度。
北京具有豐富的旅遊資源,對外開放的旅遊景點達200多處,有世界上最大的皇宫紫禁城、祭天神廟天壇、皇家花園北海、皇家園林頤和園,還有八達嶺、慕田峪、司馬臺長城以及世界上最大的四合院恭王府等各勝古迹。全市共有文物古迹7309項,其中國家文物保護單位42個,市級文物保護單位222個。北京的市樹爲國槐和側柏,市花爲月季和菊花。另外,北京出産的象牙雕刻、玉器雕刻、景泰藍、地毯等傳統手工藝品馳譽世界。
Beijing thrives today as the political and cultural capital of China as well as a center of international activity and an important socialist base.
Great changes have taken place since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The city walls were demolished to facilitate transportation and allow for general expansion. By 2001, the population exceeded 12.5 million, and the total municipal area was increased to over 17,[KG-*2]800 square kilometers. The city is presently divided into 16 districts: Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chongwen, Xuanwu, Chaoyang, Haidian, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Shunyi, Changping, Mentougou, Tongzhou, Fangshan, Daxing, Huairou and Pinggu. In addition to these urban districts, the municipality is comprised of six counties: Miyun, Yanqing,Huairou,Chang ping,Pinggu and Daxing.
Plans for future development retain the symmetrical layout of the old city on its northsouth axis, extending out into the suburban districts.
From Dingfuzhuang in the east to Shijingshan in the west and from Qinghe in the north to Nanyuan in the south, the overall plan covers an area of 1,[KG-*2]000 square kilometers. A traffic network of four concentric beltways, 28 radial roads, and underground and suburban railways are being further developed to link the city center with outlying areas and surrounding towns.
With Tian'anmen at the center, offices along 38kilometerlong Chang'an Boulevard will concentrate on state, political and economic affairs. The areas around the Palace Museum (Imperial Palace or Forbidden City) and city gates as well as the lakes—Zhongnanhai, Beihai and Housanhai—have been designated landmark districts. And with a look to the future, an increasing number of historical, cultural and revolutionary sites are being renovated and opened to the public.
北京文化游
故宫(Palace Museum,Forbidden City)
故宫,又名紫禁城,位於北京市中心,今天人們稱它爲故宫,意爲過去的皇宫。故宫東西寬750米,南北長960米,面積達到72萬平方米,爲世界之最;故宫的整個建築被兩道堅固的防綫圍在中間,外圍是一條寬52米,深6米的護城河環繞;接着是周長3公里的城墻。城墻上開有4門,南有午門,北有神武門,東有東華門,西有西華門,城墻四角,還聳立着4座角樓,角樓有3層屋檐,72個屋脊,玲瓏剔透,造型别致,爲中國古建築中的杰作。
故宫宫殿的建築布局有外朝、内廷之分。内廷與外朝的建築氣氛迥然不同。外朝以太和、中和、保和三大殿爲中心,是封建皇帝行使權力、舉行盛典的地方。内廷以干清宫、交泰殿、坤寧宫爲中心,是封建帝王與后妃居住之所。此外還有文華殿、武英殿、御花園等。干清宫在故宫内庭最前面。清康熙前此處爲皇帝居住和處理政務之處。清雍正后皇帝移居養心殿,但仍在此批閲奏報,選派官吏和召見臣下。交泰殿在干清宫和坤寧宫之間,含天地交合、安康美滿之意。其建於明代,清嘉慶三年(公元1798年)重修,是座四角攢尖,鍍金寶頂,龍鳳紋飾的方形殿。明、清時,該殿是皇後生日舉辦壽慶活動的地方。清代皇后去祭先蠶壇前,需至此檢查祭典儀式的準備情况。坤寧宫在故宫“内庭”最後面。明時爲皇后住所。清代改爲祭神場所。其中東暖閣爲皇帝大婚的洞房,康熙、同治、光緒三帝,均在此舉行婚禮。
引人注目的三大殿:太和殿、中和殿和保和殿
故宫裏最吸引人的建築是三大殿:太和殿、中和殿和保和殿。它們都建在漢白玉砌成的8米高的臺基上。
太和殿
太和殿俗稱金鑾殿,爲故宫“三大殿”之首,建立在五米高的漢白玉臺基上,臺基四周矗立着雕龍石柱。這是宫殿群中最大的建築。殿高36米,寬63米,面積爲2380平方米。大殿正中兩米高的臺子上是金漆雕龍寶座,寶座背後是高雅的屏風,還有瀝粉金漆的龍柱和精緻的蟠龍藻井,富麗堂皇。明清兩代皇帝即位、誕辰以及春節、冬至等慶典,均在此舉行。
中和殿
中和殿在太和殿後,是故宫“三大殿”之一。該殿是一座單檐攢尖頂的方形殿。每邊21米,各三間,走廊列柱20根,黄琉璃瓦四角攢尖頂,正中有鎏金寶頂。皇帝有事去太和殿先在此小憩,接受内閣、禮部及侍衛等的朝拜,每逢各種大禮的前一天,皇帝也在此閲覽奏章和祝辭。
保和殿
保和殿位於中和殿之後,是故宫“三大殿”之一。清朝每年除夕和元宵,皇帝在此宴請王公貴族和文武大臣,到干隆年間,把三年一次的殿試由太和殿移至這裏舉行。保和殿東西兩側的廡房現改爲歷代藝術陳列館,陳列有從原始社會到清代約六千年的中華藝術瑰寶。
富有生活氣的内廷
故宫建築的後半部叫内廷,以干清宫、交泰殿、坤寧宫爲中心,東西兩翼有東六宫和西六宫,是皇帝平日辦事和他的后妃居住生活的地方。後半部在建築風格上同於前半部。前半部建築形象是嚴肅、莊嚴、壯麗、雄偉,以象徵皇帝的至高無上。後半部内廷則富有生活氣息,建築多是自成院落,有花園、書齋、館榭、山石等。在坤寧宫北面的是御花園。御花園裏有高聳的松柏、珍貴的花木、山石和亭閣。名爲萬春亭和千秋亭的兩座亭子,可以説是目前保存的古亭中最華麗的了。
干清宫
干清宫是内廷正殿,殿中設寶座,上有“正大光明”匾,是明清兩代皇帝的寢宫及平日處理政事的地方,雍正以後搬出。每年元旦、燈節、端午、中秋、冬至、萬壽等節,按例在此舉行家族宴,另外皇帝死後欞柩停在此殿。
交泰殿
交泰殿在干清宫後,是明清時爲皇后舉辦壽慶的地方。殿内存玉璽25塊;西側陳設干隆年間造的自鳴鐘;東側爲銅壺滴漏,清世祖順治禁止内官干預政事的鐵牌也立於此殿。
坤寧宫
坤寧宫在明朝時是皇后的寢宫,又叫中宫,順治年間仿照沈陽清寧宫重建,同時將西暖閣改爲祭神的場所,經常在此舉行朝祭、夕祭、春秋大祭等;東暖閣則作爲皇帝新婚的洞房,清朝的順治、康熙、同治、光緒四帝都在此舉行過大婚。
御花園
御花園原名宫後苑,今俗稱御花園,占地一萬一千多平方米,有建築二十餘處。以欽安殿爲中心,園林建築采用主次相輔、左右對稱的格局,布局緊凑、古典富麗。殿東北的堆秀山,爲太湖石叠砌而成,上築御景亭,每年重陽節帝後在此登高。
頤和園 (Summer Palace)
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北京頤和園始建於公元1750年,1860年在戰火中嚴重損毁,1886年在原址上重新進行了修繕。其亭臺、長廊、殿堂、廟宇和小橋等人工景觀與自然山巒和開闊的湖面相互和諧、藝術地融爲一體,堪稱中國風景園林設計中的杰作。
概况
頤和園是世界著名的皇家園林,它地處北京西北郊外,距京城約15公里,舊稱“清漪園”。1888年重建,改名“頤和園”,耗銀3000萬兩,歷時十年。頤和園規模宏大,占地面積達293公頃,主要由萬壽山和昆明湖兩部分組成。各種形式的宫殿園林建築3000餘間,大致可分爲行政、生活、遊覽三個部分。
以仁壽殿爲中心的行政區,是當年慈禧太后和光緒皇帝坐朝聽政,會見外賓的地方。仁壽殿後是三座大型四合院:樂壽堂、玉瀾堂和宜蕓館,分别爲慈禧、光緒和后妃們居住的地方。宜蕓館東側的德和園大戲樓是清代三大戲樓之一。
頤和園自萬壽山頂的智慧海向下,由佛香閣、德輝殿、排雲殿、排雲門、雲輝玉宇坊,搆成了一條層次分明的中軸綫。山下是一條長700多米的“長廊”,長廊枋樑上有彩畫8000多幅,號稱 “世界第一廊”。長廊之前即是碧波盪漾的昆明湖。昆明湖的西堤是仿照西湖的蘇堤建造的。
萬壽山後山、後湖古木成林,環境幽雅,有藏式寺廟,蘇州河古買賣街。後湖東端有仿無錫寄暢園而建的諧趣園,小巧玲瓏,被稱爲“園中之園”。
頤和園整個園林藝術搆思巧妙,在中外園林藝術史上地位顯著,是舉世罕見的園林藝術杰作。
The Summer Palace Of Beijing,the largest and best preserved of all Chinese imperial gardens boasts many features:
1. A lake that occupies threefourths of its 290 hectares.
2. A traditional seventeenarched bridge.
3. A hill with palatial buildings as well as quiet spots dotted by rustic pavilions and cottages.
4. A 36metre Marble Boat to remind visitors that the garden was built by the despotic Empress Dowager of the Qing Dynasty.
北京胡衕文化
胡衕,是北京特有的一種古老的城市小巷。胡衕原爲蒙古語,即小街巷。由於北京古時城建就有嚴格規劃,所以胡衕都比較直,星羅棋佈,共有7000餘條,名稱五花八門,有的以人物命名,如文丞相胡衕;有的以市場、商品命名,如金魚胡衕;有的以北京土語命名,如悶葫蘆罐胡同等。北京最長的胡衕就是東西交民巷,全長6.5公里;最短的一尺大街,長不過十幾米;最窄的胡衕要數前門大栅欄地區的錢市胡衕,寬僅0.7米,稍許胖點的人得屏住呼吸才能通過。在北京,胡衕浩繁有幾千條,他們圍遶在紫禁城周圍,大部分形成於中國歷史上的元、明、清三個朝代。
北京的胡衕大多形成於13世紀的元朝,到現在已經經過了幾百年的演變發展。北京胡衕的走向多爲正東正西,寬度一般不過九米。胡衕裏的建築幾乎都是四合院。四合院是一種由東西南北四座房屋以四四方方的對稱形式圍在一起的建築物。大大小小的四合院一個緊挨一個排列起來,它們之間的通道就是胡衕。
别看這胡衕從外表上看模樣都差不多,但它們的特色却各不相同。在北京城西部有個胡衕叫九道彎,原因是一個小小的胡衕竟要拐九個彎。有的胡衕如果曾住過一個有名的人,那這條胡衕就會以這個人的名字命名,比如石老娘胡衕和王皮匠胡衕。還有的胡衕是按照其形狀命名的,像羊尾巴胡衕和耳朵眼胡衕,聽起來就這麽生動形象。北京的胡衕真是數也數不盡,有句俗話不是這麽説嗎:“有名的胡衕三千六,没名的胡衕賽牛毛”。不少胡衕裏的一片磚、一片瓦都有幾百年的歷史了。
胡衕不僅是城市的脈搏,更是北京普通老百姓生活的場所。北京人對胡衕有着特殊感情,它不僅是百姓們出入家門的通道,更是一座座民俗風情博物館,烙下了許多社會生活的印記。
胡同一般都距離鬧市很近,打個醬油買斤鷄蛋什麽的很方便。胡衕裏没有車水馬龍的喧鬧,有的是親切融洽的鄰里關係。
胡衕這種北京特有的古老的城市小巷已成爲北京文化的載體。老北京的生活氣息就在這胡衕的角落裏,在這四合院的一磚一瓦裏,在居民之間的鄰里之情裏。只有身處其中才有最深體會。
There are still quite a number of hutongs built around the Forbidden City still exist in Beijing. Their overall arrangements are just like Eastern labyrinth if one has chances to overlook form the air.
Most of these hutong were built in the Yuan (12711368), Ming (13681644) and Qing (16441911) dynasties. The Shichahai Lake scenic sites consist of West Sea (Xihai), Back Sea (Houhai), Front Sea (Qianhai) and Prince Gong's Palace (Gongwangfu), which have helped to keep the hutong there intact, and fascinating many tourists from home and abroad. When one stands at the top of the 700yearold Drum Tower (Gulou), glancing at the alleys in the city, one would feel Beijing's great cultural and economic changes.
There are several kinds of hutong. Some of them are named after the yamens (government offices) or temples located there; some named after the official titles of their residents, etc.
Beijing's longest alleys are Dongjiaominxiang and Xijiaominxiang, running parallel with the Chang'an Avenue. The shortest one is Yichi (meaning “one foot”) Hutong, only 75 feet long. The narrowest is Xiaolabakou Hutong, whose northern part is less than 0.4 meter. Jiudaowan (meaning “nine turnings”) Hutong located in Dongcheng District has the most turningsmore than 20 in all. The oldest hutong in Beijing is Sanmiaojie, which located outside Xuanwu Gate, was called Tanzhou Street in the Liao Dynasty (9161125).
Tourists can also find vermilion gates, brass knocker, mottled stone lions and other cultural relics everywhere in the alleys.
三廟街
北京胡衕中的太老爺是一條叫“三廟街”的,據説它已經有900年的歷史了。歷時百年,看過數朝天子數朝臣,歷經興衰榮辱,盛極而衰,敗極而興。百年的風霜,百年的滄桑,如今也只是一條毫不起眼的小街罷了。
三廟街是一條東西走向、長約三百米、寬約四至六米的大胡衕。此街據著名歷史地理學家侯仁之先生考證,早在唐朝就已經成型,遼、金時最爲繁華。明朝因這裏有紫金寺,故又名爲“紫金街”。
從清朝干隆時期的地圖看,此街被命名爲“三廟街”。“文革”期間一度叫“立新街”,後又恢復三廟街名,並一直沿用至今。現在頭廟尚存,二廟已改爲民宅,三廟原址在三廟街今23號,毁於上個世紀40年代。
中統元年(1260),蒙古兵攻破中都城池,宫闕遭到毁滅性破壞。忽必烈到燕京,目睹一片瓦礫殘垣,遂放棄了在舊址建都的念頭,將大都中心定在“金中都”之東北部。遼南京、金中都的中心即位於今宣武區之内,而三廟街一帶是遼、金時最爲繁華富庶的地方,其位置相當於今日之西單、王府井。
In the long cultural history of Beijing, the hutongs have played an especially important role. They serve as a window to the life of the Beijing people. This is because they not only reflect the evolution of the old Beijing city, but are also a symbol of the development of Beijing's history and culture.
Hutongs were mostly built in the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty and continued to be used through the Ming and Qing dynasties, and even till today.
There are over 7,000 hutongs in Beijing, each one has a story behind it, and each one has a name with a special history. So, hutongs are a real encyclopedia. Siheyuan (quadrangles) in these hutongs are also unique features.
They are both a typical form of Chinese classical architecture and a reflection of the patriarchalclan view and family system in Chinese feudal society. In response to the building of a new Beijing, many hutongs have been replaced by modern buildings. But there are still some old hutongs and siheyuan remaining in the landscape.
京劇 (Beijing Opera)
京劇是在北京形成的戲曲劇種之一,至今已有將近二百年的歷史。它是在徽戲和漢戲的基礎上,吸收了崑曲、秦腔等一些戲曲劇種的優點和特長逐漸演變而形成的。
京劇音樂屬於板腔體,主要唱腔有二黄、西皮兩個系統,所以京劇也稱“皮黄”。京劇常用唱腔還有南梆子、四平調、高拔子和吹腔。京劇的傳統劇目約在一千多個,常演的約有三四百個以上,其中除來自徽戲、漢戲、崑曲與秦腔者外,也有相當數量是京劇藝人和民間作家陸續編寫出來的。京劇較擅長於表現歷史題材的政治和軍事鬥争,故事大多取自歷史演義和小説話本。既有整本的大戲,也有大量的折子戲,此外還有一些連臺本戲。
京劇角色的行當劃分比較嚴格,早期分爲生、旦、净、末、醜、武行、流行(龍套)七行,以後歸爲生、旦、净、醜四大行。
京劇臉譜的分類有:整臉、英雄臉、六分臉、歪臉、神仙臉、丑角臉等。
Beijing opera or Peking opera is a kind of Chinese opera which arose in the mid19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty court. It is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Beijing and Tianjin are respected as the base cities of Peking opera in the north while Shanghai is the base in the south.
Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are not in Beijing but in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei. Beijing opera got its two main melodies, Xipi and Erhuang, from Anhui and Hubei operas. Much dialogue is also carried out in an archaic dialect originating partially from those regions. It also absorbed music and arias from other operas and musical arts such as the historic Qinqiang as well as being very strongly influenced by Kunqu, the form that preceded it as court art. It is regarded that Beijing opera was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790. Beijing opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later. In 1828, some famous Hubei troupes came to Beijing. They often jointly performed in the stage with Anhui troupes. The combination gradually formed Beijing opera's main melodies.
Four main roles:
Sheng (生, Male role)
Dan (旦, Female role)
Jing (净, Painted face male role)
Chou (醜, Clown role)
The three roles other than the second role represent male characters.